Playwright 是由 Microsoft 开发的开源浏览器自动化框架。它通过统一的 API 控制 Chromium、Firefox 和 WebKit，使开发者能够编写一次测试脚本，即可在多个浏览器引擎上运行，覆盖 Chrome、Edge、Firefox 和 Safari 等主流浏览器。

Playwright is an open-source browser automation framework developed by Microsoft. It controls Chromium, Firefox, and WebKit through a unified API, enabling developers to write tests once and run them across multiple browser engines including Chrome, Edge, Firefox, and Safari.

与早期的自动化工具相比，Playwright 针对现代 Web 应用的特性进行了深度优化，包括单页应用（SPA）、动态内容加载、Shadow DOM、Web Components 等复杂场景，提供了更稳定、更快速的自动化能力。

Compared to earlier automation tools, Playwright is deeply optimized for modern web application characteristics including SPAs, dynamic content loading, Shadow DOM, and Web Components, providing more stable and faster automation capabilities.

Playwright 的架构围绕浏览器上下文（Browser Context）展开。一个浏览器实例可创建多个完全独立的上下文，每个上下文拥有独立的 Cookie、LocalStorage、缓存和会话状态。这种设计取代了传统自动化中”启动多个浏览器进程”的重模式，大幅降低了资源消耗和启动时间。

Playwright’s architecture centers on Browser Contexts. A single browser instance can create multiple fully isolated contexts, each with independent cookies, localStorage, cache, and session state. This replaces the heavy “multiple browser processes” approach of traditional automation.

以下示例展示了如何使用 Playwright 打开页面、执行交互操作并进行断言验证。

The following examples demonstrate how to open a page, perform interactions, and make assertions.

from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright

with sync_playwright() as p:
    browser = p.chromium.launch(headless=False)
    context = browser.new_context()
    page = context.new_page()

    page.goto("https://example.com")
    page.click("button#submit")

    # 断言与截图
    assert page.inner_text("h1") == "Welcome"
    page.screenshot(path="result.png")

    context.close()
    browser.close()

const { chromium } = require('playwright');

(async () => {
  const browser = await chromium.launch({ headless: false });
  const context = await browser.newContext();
  const page = await context.newPage();

  await page.goto('https://example.com');
  await page.click('button#submit');

  // Assertion and screenshot
  const title = await page.innerText('h1');
  console.assert(title === 'Welcome');
  await page.screenshot({ path: 'result.png' });

  await context.close();
  await browser.close();
})();

表1  Playwright 与 Selenium 多维度对比

Table 1  Playwright vs Selenium Comparison

Playwright 代表了浏览器自动化领域的最新发展方向。其在自动等待、跨浏览器一致性和开发者体验方面的设计，使其成为现代 Web 应用测试的优先选择。对于追求测试稳定性、执行速度和调试效率的团队，Playwright 提供了从编写到执行再到分析的一站式解决方案。

Playwright represents the latest evolution in browser automation. Its design around auto-waiting, cross-browser consistency, and developer experience makes it the preferred choice for modern web application testing. Teams seeking test stability, execution speed, and debugging efficiency will find Playwright offers a comprehensive solution from authoring to analysis.

# Python
pip install playwright
playwright install

# JavaScript
npm init -y
npm install @playwright/test
npx playwright install